9th CBSE - Regular Batch

UNIT I: NUMBER SYSTEMS

• Chapter 1 - REAL NUMBERS 

1. Review of representation of natural numbers, integers, and rational numbers on the number line. Representation of terminating / non-terminating recurring decimals onthe number line through successive magnification. Rational numbers as recurring/ terminating decimals. Operations on real numbers.
2. Examples of non-recurring/non-terminating decimals. Existence of non-rational numbers (irrational numbers) such as, and their representation on the number line. Explaining that every real number is represented by a unique point on the number line and conversely, viz. every point on the number line represents a unique real number.
3. Definition of nth root of a real number.
4. Rationalization (with precise meaning) of real numbers of the type and (and their combinations) where x and y are natural number and a and b are integers.
5. Recall of laws of exponents with integral powers. Rational exponents with positive real bases (to be done by particular cases, allowing learner to arrive at the general laws.

UNIT II: ALGEBRA

• Chapter 2- POLYNOMIALS 

1. Definition of a polynomial in one variable, with examples and counter examples.
2. Coefficients of a polynomial, terms of a polynomial and zero polynomial.
3. Degree of a polynomial. Constant, linear, quadratic and cubic polynomials.
4. Monomials, binomials, trinomials. Factors and multiples. Zeros of a polynomial. Motivate and State the Remainder Theorem with examples. Statement and proof of the Factor Theorem.
5. Factorization of ax2 + bx + c, a ≠ 0 where a, b and c are real numbers, and of cubic polynomials using the Factor Theorem.
6. Recall of algebraic expressions and identities. Verification of identities:+ and their use in factorization of polynomials.

• Chapter 3 -  LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

1. Recall of linear equations in one variable. Introduction to the equation in two variables.
2. Focus on linear equations of the type ax+by+c=0. Explain that a linear equation in two variables has infinitely many solutions and justify their being written as ordered pairs of real numbers, plotting them and showing that they lie on a line.
3. Graph of linear equations in two variables. Examples, problems from real life, including problems on Ratio and Proportion and with algebraic and graphical solutions being done simultaneously.

UNIT III: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

• Chapter 4 - COORDINATE GEOMETRY 

1. The Cartesian plane, coordinates of a point, names and terms associated with the coordinate plane, notations, plotting points in the plane.

UNIT IV: GEOMETRY

• Chapter 5 -  INTRODUCTION TO EUCLID'S GEOMETRY (Not for assessment) 

1. History - Geometry in India and Euclid's geometry. Euclid's method of formalizing observed phenomenon into rigorous Mathematics with definitions, common/obvious notions, axioms/postulates and theorems.
2. The five postulates of Euclid. Equivalent versions of the fifth postulate. Showing the relationship between axiom and theorem, for example: (Axiom) 1. Given two distinct points, there exists one and only one line through them.

           (Theorem) 2. (Prove) Two distinct lines cannot have more than one point in common.

• Chapter 7- LINES AND ANGLES 

1. (Motivate) If a ray stands on a line, then the sum of the two adjacent angles so formed is 180O and the converse.
2. (Prove) If two lines intersect, vertically opposite angles are equal.
3. (Motivate) Results on corresponding angles, alternate angles, interior angles when a transversal intersects two parallel lines.
4. (Motivate) Lines which are parallel to a given line are parallel.
5. (Prove) The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180O.
6. (Motivate) If a side of a triangle is produced, the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles.

• Chapter 8 - TRIANGLES 

1. (Motivate) Two triangles are congruent if any two sides and the included angle of one triangle is equal to any two sides and the included angle of the other triangle (SAS Congruence).
2. (Prove) Two triangles are congruent if any two angles and the included side of one triangle is equal to any two angles and the included side of the other triangle (ASA Congruence).
3. (Motivate) Two triangles are congruent if the three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides of the other triangle (SSS  Congruence).
4. (Motivate) Two right triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and a side of one triangle are equal (respectively) to the hypotenuse and a side of the other triangle. (RHS Congruence)
5. (Prove) The angles opposite to equal sides of a triangle are equal.
6. (Motivate) The sides opposite to equal angles of a triangle are equal.
7. (Motivate) Triangle inequalities and relation between ‘angle and facing side' inequalities in triangles.

• Chapter 9 - QUADRILATERALS 

1. (Prove) The diagonal divides a parallelogram into two congruent triangles.
2. (Motivate) In a parallelogram opposite sides are equal, and conversely.
3. (Motivate) In a parallelogram opposite angles are equal, and conversely.
4. (Motivate) A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if a pair of its opposite sides is parallel and equal.
5. (Motivate) In a parallelogram, the diagonals bisect each other and conversely.
6. (Motivate) In a triangle, the line segment joining the mid points of any two sides is parallel to the third side and in half of it and (motivate) its converse.

• Chapter 10 -  AREA 

           Review concept of area, recall area of a rectangle.

1. (Prove) Parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallels have equal area.
2. (Motivate) Triangles on the same base (or equal bases) and between the same parallels are equal in area.

• Chapter 11 - CIRCLES 

1. Through examples, arrive at definition of circle and related concepts-radius, circumference, diameter, chord, arc, secant, sector, segment, subtended angle.
2. (Prove) Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angles at the center and (motivate) its converse.
3. (Motivate) The perpendicular from the center of a circle to a chord bisects the chord and conversely, the line drawn through the center of a circle to bisect a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
4. (Motivate) There is one and only one circle passing through three given non-collinear points.
5. (Motivate) Equal chords of a circle (or of congruent circles) are equidistant from the center (or their respective centers) and conversely.
6. (Prove) The angle subtended by an arc at the center is double the angle subtended by it at any point on the remaining part of the circle.
7. (Motivate) Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
8. (Motivate) If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angle at two other points lying on the same side of the line containing the segment, the four points lie on a circle.
9. (Motivate) The sum of either of the pair of the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180° and its converse.

• Chapter 12 - CONSTRUCTIONS 

1. Construction of bisectors of line segments and angles of measure 60o, 90o, 45o etc., equilateral triangles.
2. Construction of a triangle given its base, sum/difference of the other two sides and one base angle.
3. Construction of a triangle of given perimeter and base angles.

UNIT V: MENSURATION

• Chapter 13 - AREAS 

1. Area of a triangle using Heron's formula (without proof) and its application in finding the area of a quadrilateral.

• Chapter 14 - SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES 

1. Surface areas and volumes of cubes, cuboids, spheres (including hemispheres) and right circular cylinders/cones.

UNIT VI: STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

• Chapter 15 -  STATISTICS 

1. Introduction to Statistics: Collection of data, presentation of data — tabular form, ungrouped / grouped, bar graphs, histograms (with varying base lengths), frequency polygons.
2. Mean, median and mode of ungrouped data.

• Chapter 16 - PROBABILITY 

1. History, Repeated experiments and observed frequency approach to probability.
2. Focus is on empirical probability. (A large amount of time to be devoted to groupand to individual activities to motivate the concept; the experiments to be drawn from real - life situations, and from examples used in the chapter on statistics).

Theme: Moving Things, People and Ideas 
Unit III: Motion, Force and Work

• Chapter - Motion:

Distance and displacement, velocity; uniform and non-uniform motion along a straight line; acceleration, distance-time and velocity-time graphs for uniform motion and uniformly accelerated motion, derivation of equations of motion by graphical method; elementary idea of uniform circular motion.

• Chapter - Force and Newton’s laws :

Force and Motion, Newton’s Laws of Motion, Action and Reaction forces, Inertia of a body, Inertia and mass, Momentum, Force and Acceleration. Elementary idea of conservation of Momentum.

• Chapter - Gravitation:

Gravitation; Universal Law of Gravitation, Force of Gravitation of the earth (gravity), Acceleration due to Gravity; Mass and Weight; Free fall.

• Chapter - Floatation:

Thrust and Pressure. Archimedes’ Principle; Buoyancy; Elementary idea of Relative Density.

• Chapter - Work, energy and power:

Work done by a Force, Energy, power; Kinetic and Potential energy; Law of conservation of energy.

• Chapter - Sound:

Nature of sound and its propagation in various media, speed of sound, range of hearing in humans; ultrasound; reflection of sound; echo and SONAR. Structure of the Human Ear (Auditory aspect only).

Theme: Materials 
Unit I: Matter-Nature and Behaviour

• Chapter - Matter:

Definition of matter; solid, liquid and gas; characteristics - shape, volume, density; change of state-melting (absorption of heat), freezing, evaporation (cooling by evaporation), condensation, sublimation.

• Chapter - Nature of matter:

Elements, compounds and mixtures. Heterogeneous and homogenous mixtures, colloids and suspensions.
Particle nature and their basic units: Atoms and molecules, Law of constant proportions, Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept: Relationship of mole to mass of the particles and numbers.

• Chapter - Structure of atoms:

Electrons, protons and neutrons, valency, chemical formula of common compounds. Isotopes and Isobars.

Theme: The World of the Living 
Unit II: Organization in the Living World

• Chapter - Cell - Basic Unit of life :

Cell as a basic unit of life; prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, multicellular organisms; cell membrane and cell wall, cell organelles and cell inclusions; chloroplast, mitochondria, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus; nucleus, chromosomes - basic structure, number.

• Chapter - Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organism:

Structure and functions of animal and plant tissues (only four types of tissues in animals; Meristematic and Permanent tissues in plants).

• Chapter - Biological Diversity:

Diversity of plants and animals-basic issues in scientific naming, basis of classification. Hierarchy of categories / groups, Major groups of plants (salient features) (Bacteria, Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms). Major groups of animals (salient features) (Non-chordates upto phyla and chordates upto classes).

• Chapter - Health and Diseases:

Health and its failure. Infectious and Non-infectious diseases, their causes and manifestation. Diseases caused by microbes (Virus, Bacteria and Protozoans) and their prevention; Principles of treatment and prevention. Pulse Polio programmes.

Theme: Natural Resources: Balance in nature 
Unit IV: Our Environment

• Chapter: Physical resources:

Air, Water, Soil. Air for respiration, for combustion, for moderating temperatures; movements of air and its role in bringing rains across India. Air, water and soil pollution (brief introduction). Holes in ozone layer and the probable damages.
Bio-geo chemical cycles in nature: Water, Oxygen, Carbon and Nitrogen.

Theme: Food (10 Periods)
Unit V: Food Production

• Chapter - Improvement In Food Resources

Plant and animal breeding and selection for quality improvement and management; Use of fertilizers and manures; Protection from pests and diseases; Organic farming.

• Background

Traditionally, language-learning materials beyond the initial stages have been sourced from literature: prose, fiction and poetry. While there is a trend for inclusion of a wider range of contemporary and authentic texts, accessible and culturally appropriate pieces of literature should play a pivotal role at the secondary stage of education. The English class should not be seen as a place merely to read poems and stories in, but an area of activities to develop the learner’s imagination as a major aim of language study, and to equip the learner with communicative skills to perform various language functions through speech and writing.

• Objectives:

Objectives of the course are to enable learners to:

1. build greater confidence and proficiency in oral and written communication
2. develop the ability and knowledge required in order to engage in independent reflection and inquiry
3. use appropriate English to communicate in various social settings
4. equip learners with essential language skills to question and to articulate their point of view
5. build competence in the different aspects of English
6. develop sensitivity to, and appreciation of, other varieties of English, like Indian English, and the culture they reflect
7. enable the learner to access knowledge and information through reference skills (consulting a dictionary / thesaurus, library, internet, etc.)
8. develop curiosity and creativity through extensive reading
9. facilitate self-learning to enable them to become independent learners
10. review, organise and edit their own work and work done by peers
11. integrate listening and speaking skills in the curriculum.
12. give a brief oral description of events / incidents of topical interest
13. retell the contents of authentic audio texts (weather reports, public announcements, simple advertisements, short interviews, etc.)
14. participate in conversations, discussions, etc., on topics of mutual interest in non-classroom situations
15. narrate a story which has been depicted pictorially or in any other non-verbal mode
16. respond, in writing, to business letters, official communications email etc.
17. read and identify the main points / significant details of texts like scripts of audio-video interviews, discussions, debates, etc.
18. write without prior preparation on a given topic and be able to defend or explain the stand taken / views expressed in the form of article, speech, or a debate
19. write a summary of short lectures on familiar topics by making / taking notes
20. write an assessment of different points of views expressed in a discussion / debate
21. read poems effectively (with proper rhythm and intonation)
22. transcode information from a graph / chart to a description / report and write a dialogue, short story or report

• Language Items

In addition to consolidating the grammatical items practised earlier, the courses at the secondary level seek to reinforce the following explicitly:

1. sequence of tenses
2. reported speech in extended texts
3. modal auxiliaries (those not covered at upper primary)
4. non-finites (infinitives, gerunds, participles)
5. conditional clauses
6. complex and compound sentences
7. phrasal verbs and prepositional phrases
8. cohesive devices
9. punctuation (semicolon, colon, dash, hyphen, parenthesis or use of brackets and exclamation mark)

• Methods and Techniques

The methodology is based on a multi-skill, activity-based, learner-centered approach. Care is taken to fulfill the functional (communicative), literary (aesthetic) and cultural (sociological) needs of the learner. In this situation, the teacher is the facilitator of learning, She/he presents language items, contrives situations which motivates the child to use English for the purposes of communication and expression. Aural-oral teaching and testing is an integral feature of the teaching-learning process. The electronic and print media could be used extensively. A few suggested activities are:

1. Role play
2. Simulating real life situations
3. Dramatising and miming
4. Problem solving and decision making
5. Interpreting information given in tabular form and schedule
6. Using newspaper clippings
7. Borrowing situations from the world around the learners, from books and from other disciplines
8. Using language games, riddles, puzzles and jokes
9. Interpreting pictures / sketches / cartoons
10. Debating and discussing
11. Narrating and discussing stories, anecdotes, etc.
12. Reciting poems
13. Working in pairs and groups
14. Using media inputs - computer, television, video cassettes, tapes, software packages

• Grammar

1. Tenses
2. Modals
3. Subject – verb concord
4. Reported speech
5. Commands and requests
6. Statements
7. Questions
8. Determiner
9. Use of Passive Voice
10. Clauses: Noun, Adverb Clauses of condition and time, Relative Clauses
11. Prepositions

• Chapter 1 - The Story of Village Palampur

1. Overview
2. Organization of production
3. Farming in Palampur
4. Non-farm activities of Palampur

• Chapter 2 - People as Resource

1. Overview
2. Economic activities by men and women
3. Quality of Population
4. Unemployment

• Chapter 3 - Poverty as a Challenge

1. Two typical cases of poverty
2. Poverty as seen by Social Scientists
3. Poverty Estimates
4. Vulnerable Groups
5. Interstate disparities
6. Global Poverty Scenario
7. Causes of Poverty
8. Anti-poverty measures
9. The Challenges Ahead

• Chapter  4 - Food Security in India

1. Overview
2. What is Food Security?
3. Why Food Security?
4. Who are food insecure?
5. Food Security in India
6. What is Buffer Stock?
7. What is the Public Distribution System?
8. Current Status of Public Distribution System

Unit 3: Democratic Politics – I

• Chapter 1 - What is Democracy? Why Democracy?

1. What is Democracy?
2. Features of Democracy
3. Why Democracy?
4. Broader Meaning of Democracy

• Chapter 2 - Constitutional Design

1. Democratic Constitution in South Africa
2. Why do we need a Constitution?
3. Making of the Indian Constitution
4. Guiding Values of the Indian Constitution

• Chapter 3 - Electoral Politics

1. Why Elections?
2. What is our System of Elections?
3. What makes elections in India democratic?

• Chapter 4 - Working of Institutions

1. How is the major policy decision taken?
2. Parliament
3. Political Executive
4. Judiciary

• Chapter 5 - Democratic Rights

1. Life without rights
2. Rights in a Democracy
3. Rights in the Indian Constitution
4. Expanding the scope of rights

• Chapter 1 -  India

1. Size and Location
2. India and the World
3. India’s Neighbours

• Chapter 2 - Physical Features of India

1. Major Physiographic Divisions

• Chapter 3 - Drainage

1. Major rivers and tributaries
2. Lakes
3. Role of rivers in the economy
4. Pollution of rivers

• Chapter 4 - Climate

1. Concept
2. Climatic Controls
3. Factors influencing India’s climate
4. The Indian Monsoon
5. Distribution of Rainfall
6. Monsoon as a unifying bond

• Chapter 5 - Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

1. Factors affecting Vegetation
2. Vegetation types
3. Wild Life
4. Conservation

• Chapter 6 -  Population

1. Size
2. Distribution
3. Population Growth and Process of Population Change

Section 1: Events and Processes: (All the three themes are compulsory)

• Chapter 1- The French Revolution

1. French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century
2. The Outbreak of the Revolution
3. France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic
4. Did Women have a Revolution?
5. The Abolition of Slavery
6. The Revolution and Everyday Life

• Chapter 2 - Iocialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

1. The Age of Social Change
2. The Russian Revolution
3. The February Revolution in Petrograd
4. What Changed after October?
5. The Global Influence of the Russian Revolution and the USSR

• Chapter 3 - Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

1. Birth of the Weimar Republic
2. Hitler’s Rise to Power
3. The Nazi Worldview
4. Youth in Nazi Germany
5. Ordinary People and the Crimes Against Humanity

Section 2: Livelihoods, Economies and Societies Any one theme of the following

• Chapter 4 - Forest Society and Colonialism

1. Why Deforestation?
2. The Rise of Commercial Forestry
3. Rebellion in the Forest
4. Forest Transformations in Java

• Chapter 5 - Pastoralists in the Modern World

1. Pastoral Nomads and their Movements
2. Colonial Rule and Pastoral Life
3. Pastoralism in Africa